Phragmites australis as a dual indicator (air and sediment) of trace metal pollution in wetlands – the key case of Flix reservoir (Ebro River)

Evaluation of trace metal pollution in an environmentally complex context may require the use a suite indicators. Common reed, Phragmites australis, is well-known biomonitor sediment pollution. Here, we show its potential for also assessing air The plant panicles, holding silky hairs with high surface to volume ratio, are appropriate collectors atmospheric contaminants, which perform independently from root bioconcentration. We applied dual value common reed as indicator case chlor-alkali Ebro river bank (Spain). This factory had historically damped waste shallow Flix reservoir. Extensive meadows growing on top waste, nearby nature reserve across reservoir and meander immediately downriver. Three replicated individuals total 11 sites were sampled, content measured main compartments (roots, rhizomes, stems, leaves, panicles). Panicles roots showed much larger concentration metals than other compartments. Levels Hg, Cu, Ni markedly higher panicles at points lowered meander. In contrast, Cd, Zn, Mn increased conclude that recent (less year) airborne pollution, whereas indicate long-term transport pollutants shoreline downriver sedimentation hotspots, where they become more bioavailable waste. Hg spatial pattern agree measurements later years, therefore, confirming suitability and, consequently, sediments.